Total fecal losses of copper of biliary origin and nonabsorbed dietary copper are about 1 mg/day. Most copper is excreted in bile, and a small amount is excreted in urine. Only small amounts of copper are typically stored in the body, and the average adult has a total body content of 50–120 mg copper. Almost two-thirds of the body’s copper is located in the skeleton and muscle. Ī wide variety of plant and animal foods contain copper, and the average human diet provides approximately 1,400 mcg/day for men and 1,100 mcg/day for women that is primarily absorbed in the upper small intestine. In addition, defense against oxidative damage depends mainly on the copper-containing superoxide dismutases. Copper is also involved in many physiologic processes, such as angiogenesis neurohormone homeostasis and regulation of gene expression, brain development, pigmentation, and immune system functioning. One abundant cuproenzyme is ceruloplasmin (CP), which plays a role in iron metabolism and carries more than 95% of the total copper in healthy human plasma. It is a cofactor for several enzymes (known as "cuproenzymes") involved in energy production, iron metabolism, neuropeptide activation, connective tissue synthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. IntroductionĬopper, an essential mineral, is naturally present in some foods and is available as a dietary supplement. For a general overview of Copper, see our consumer fact sheet on Copper. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals.
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